Utilizing exposure information for image processing in a digital image camera

ABSTRACT

A method of processing an image taken with a digital camera including an auto exposure setting, the method comprising the step of utilizing the information to process a sensed image, utilizing step comprises utilizing the the auto exposure setting to determine an advantageous re-mapping of colors within the image so as to produce an amended image having colors within an image transformed to account of the auto exposure setting.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an image processing method and apparatus and, in particular, discloses a process for Utilising Exposure Information in a Digital Image Camera.

The present invention further relates to the field of digital image processing and in particular, the field of processing of images taken via a digital camera.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Recently, digital cameras have become increasingly popular. These cameras normally operate by means of imaging a desired image utilising a charge coupled device (CCD) array and storing the imaged scene on an electronic storage medium for later down loading onto a computer system for subsequent manipulation and printing out. Normally, when utilising a computer system to print out an image, sophisticated software may available to manipulate the image in accordance with requirements.

Unfortunately such systems require significant post processing of a captured image and normally present the image in an orientation to which is was taken, relying on the post processing process to perform any necessary or required modifications of the captured image. Further, much of the environmental information available when the picture was taken is lost.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide for the utilisation of exposure information in an image specific manner.

In accordance with a first aspect of the invention there is provided a method of processing a sensed image taken with a digital camera, said digital camera being hand held and including:

an area image sensor,

an integral ink jet printer,

processor means for processing an output of said area image sensor, and

a print roll including print media and printing ink, said digital camera being configured for printing out a processed image on said print media, said digital camera further including an auto exposure setting means, said method comprising the step of utilising information from said auto exposure setting means to process said sensed image and thereby provide a processed image for printing.

The utilising step can comprise utilising the auto exposure setting to determine an advantageous re-mapping of colours within the image so as to produce an amended image having colours within an image transformed to account of the auto exposure setting. The processing can comprise re-mapping image colours so they appear deeper and richer when the exposure setting indicates low light conditions and re-mapping image colours to be brighter and more saturated when the auto exposure setting indicates bright light conditions.

The utilising step includes adding exposure specific graphics or manipulations to the image.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings which:

FIG. 1 illustrates the method of operation of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 2 illustrates a form of print roll ready for purchase by a consumer;

FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view, partly in section, of an alternative form of a print roll;

FIG. 4 is a left side exploded perspective view of the print roll of FIG. 3; and,

FIG. 5 is a right side exploded perspective view of a single print roll.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED AND OTHER EMBODIMENTS

The preferred embodiment is preferable implemented through suitable programming of a hand held camera device such as that described in the concurrently filed application entitled “A Digital Image Printing Camera with Image Processing Capability” filed concurrently herewith by the present applicant the content of which is hereby specifically incorporated by cross reference and the details of which, and other related applications are set out in the tables below.

The aforementioned patent specification discloses a camera system, hereinafter known as an “Artcam” type camera, wherein sensed images can be directly printed out by an Artcam portable camera unit. Further, the aforementioned specification discloses means and methods for performing various manipulations on images captured by the camera sensing device leading to the production of various effects in any output image. The manipulations are disclosed to be highly flexible in nature and can be implemented through the insertion into the Artcam of cards having encoded thereon various instructions for the manipulation of images, the cards hereinafter being known as Artcards. The Artcam further has significant onboard processing power by an Artcam Central Processor unit (ACP) which is interconnected to a memory device for the storage of important data and images.

In the preferred embodiment, the Artcam has an auto exposure sensor for determining the light level associated with the captured image. This auto exposure sensor is utilised to process the image in accordance with the set light value so as to enhance portions of the image.

Preferably, the area image sensor includes a means for determining the light conditions when capturing an image. The area image sensor adjusts the dynamic range of values captured by the CCD in accordance with the detected level sensor. The captured image is transferred to the Artcam central processor and stored in the memory store. Intensity information, as determined by the area image sensor, is also forwarded top the ACP. This information is utilised by the Artcam central processor to manipulate the stored image to enhance certain effects.

Turning now to FIG. 1, the auto exposure setting information 1 is utilised in conjunction with the stored image 2 to process the image by utilising the ACP. The processed image is returned to the memory store for later printing out 4 on the output printer.

A number of processing steps can be undertaken in accordance with the determined light conditions. Where the auto exposure setting 1 indicates that the image was taken in a low light condition, the image pixel colours are selectively re-mapped so as to make the image colours stronger, deeper and richer.

Where the auto exposure information indicates that highlight conditions were present when the image was taken, the image colours can be processed to make them brighter and more saturated. The re-colouring of the image can be undertaken by conversion of the image to a hue-saturation-value (HSV) format and an alteration of pixel values in accordance with requirements. The pixel values can then be output converted to the required output colour format of printing.

Of course, many different re-colouring techniques may be utilised. Preferably, the techniques are clearly illustrated on the pre-requisite Aartcard inserted into the reader. Alternatively, the image processing algorithms can be automatically applied and hard-wired into the camera for utilization in certain conditions.

Alternatively, the Artcard inserted could have a number of manipulations applied to the image which are specific to the auto-exposure setting. For example, clip arts containing candles etc could be inserted in a dark image and large suns inserted in bright images.

Referring now to FIGS. 2 to 5, the Artcam prints the images onto media stored in a replaceable print roll 5. In some preferred embodiments, the operation of the camera device is such that when a series of images is printed on a first surface of the print roll, the corresponding backing surface has a ready made postcard which can be immediately dispatched at the nearest post office box within the jurisdiction. In this way, personalized postcards can be created.

It would be evident that when utilising the postcard system as illustrated FIG. 2 only predetermined image sizes are possible as the synchronization between the backing postcard portion and the front image must be maintained. This can be achieved by utilising the memory portions of the authentication chip stored within the print roll 5 to store details of the length of each postcard backing format sheet. This can be achieved by either having each postcard the same size or by storing each size within the print rolls on-board print chip memory.

In an alternative embodiment, there is provided a modified form of print roll which can be constructed mostly from injection moulded plastic pieces suitably snapped fitted together. The modified form of print roll has a high ink storage capacity in addition to a somewhat simplified construction. The print media onto which the image is to be printed is wrapped around a plastic sleeve former for simplified construction. The ink media reservoir has a series of air vents which are constructed so as to minimise the opportunities for the ink flow out of the air vents. Further, a rubber seal is provided for the ink outlet holes with the rubber seal being pierced on insertion of the print roll into a camera system. Further, the print roll includes a print media ejection slot and the ejection slot includes a surrounding moulded surface which provides and assists in the accurate positioning of the print media ejection slot relative to the printhead within the printing or camera system.

Turning to FIG. 3 there is illustrated a single point roll unit 5 in an assembled form with a partial cutaway showing internal portions of the print roll. FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 illustrate left and right side exploded perspective views respectively. The print roll 5 is constructed around the internal core portion 6 which contains an internal ink supply. Outside of the core portion 6 is provided a former 7 around which is wrapped a paper or film supply 8. Around the paper supply it is constructed two cover pieces 9, 10 which snap together around the print roll so as to form a covering unit as illustrated in FIG. 3. The bottom cover piece 10 includes a slot 11 through which the output of the print media 12 for interconnection with the camera system.

Two pinch rollers 13, 14 are provided to pinch the paper against a drive pinch roller 15 so they together provide for a decurling of the paper around the roller 15. The decurling acts to negate the strong curl that may be imparted to the paper from being stored in the form of print roll for an extended period of time. The rollers 13, 14 are provided to form a snap fit with end portions of the cover base portion 10 and the roller 15 which includes a cogged end 16 for driving, snap fits into the upper cover piece 9 so as to pinch the paper 12 firmly between.

The cover pieces 9, 10 includes an end protuberance or lip 17. The end lip 17 is provided for accurately alignment of the exit hole of the paper with a corresponding printing heat platen structure within the camera system. In this way, accurate alignment or positioning of the exiting paper relative to an adjacent printhead is provided for full guidance of the paper to the printhead.

It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiment without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiment is, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.

The present invention is best utilized in the Artcam device, the details of which are set out in the following paragraphs.

Ink Jet Technologies

The embodiments of the invention use an ink jet printer type device. Of course many different devices could be used. However presently popular ink jet printing technologies are unlikely to be suitable.

The most significant problem with thermal inkjet is power consumption. This is approximately 100 times that required for high speed, and stems from the energy-inefficient means of drop ejection. This involves the rapid boiling of water to produce a vapor bubble which expels the ink. Water has a very high heat capacity, and must be superheated in thermal inkjet applications. This leads to an efficiency of around 0.02%, from electricity input to drop momentum (and increased surface area) out.

The most significant problem with piezoelectric inkjet is size and cost. Piezoelectric crystals have a very small deflection at reasonable drive voltages, and therefore require a large area for each nozzle. Also, each piezoelectric actuator must be connected to its drive circuit on a separate substrate. This is not a significant problem at the current limit of around 300 nozzles per print head, but is a major impediment to the fabrication of pagewide print heads with 19,200 nozzles.

Ideally, the inkjet technologies used meet the stringent requirements of in-camera digital color printing and other high quality, high speed, low cost printing applications. To meet the requirements of digital photography, new inkjet technologies have been created. The target features include:

low power (less than 10 Watts)

high resolution capability (1,600 dpi or more)

photographic quality output

low manufacturing cost

small size (pagewidth times minimum cross section)

high speed (<2 seconds per page).

All of these features can be met or exceeded by the inkjet systems described below with differing levels of difficulty. 45 different inkjet technologies have been developed by the

Ink Jet Technologies

The embodiments of the invention use an ink jet printer type device. Of course many different devices could be used. However presently popular ink jet printing technologies are unlikely to be suitable.

The most significant problem with thermal inkjet is power consumption. This is approximately 100 times that required for high speed, and stems from the energy-inefficient means of drop ejection. This involves the rapid boiling of water to produce a vapor bubble which expels the ink. Water has a very high heat capacity, and must be superheated in thermal inkjet applications. This leads to an efficiency of around 0.02%, from electricity input to drop momentum (and increased surface area) out.

The most significant problem with piezoelectric inkjet is size and cost. Piezoelectric crystals have a very small deflection at reasonable drive voltages, and therefore require a large area for each nozzle. Also, each piezoelectric actuator must be connected to its drive circuit on a separate substrate. This is not a significant problem at the current limit of around 300 nozzles perprint head, but is a major impediment to the fabrication of pagewide print heads with 19,200 nozzles.

Ideally, the inkjet technologies used meet the stringent requirements of in-camera digital color printing and other high quality, high speed, low cost printing applications. To meet the requirements of digital photography, new inkjet technologies have been created. The target features include:

low power (less than 10 Watts)

high resolution capability (1,600 dpi or more)

photographic quality output

low manufacturing cost

small size (pagewidth times minimum cross section)

high speed (<2 seconds per page).

All of these features can be met or exceeded by the inkjet systems described below with differing levels of difficulty. 45 different inkjet technologies have been developed by the Assignee to give a wide range of choices for high volume manufacture. These technologies form part of separate applications assigned to the present Assignee as set out in the table below.

The inkjet designs shown here are suitable for a wide range of digital printing systems, from battery powered one-time use digital cameras, through to desktop and network printers, and through to commercial printing systems

For ease of manufacture using standard process equipment, the print head is designed to be a monolithic 0.5 micron CMOS chip with MEMS post processing. For color photographic applications, the print head is 100 mm long, with a width which depends upon the inkjet type. The smallest print head designed is IJ38, which is 0.35 mm wide, giving a chip area of 35 square mm. The print heads each contain 19,200 nozzles plus data and control circuitry.

Ink is supplied to the back of the print head by injection molded plastic ink channels. The molding requires 50 micron features, which can be created using a lithographically micromachined insert in a standard injection molding tool. Ink flows through holes etched through the wafer to the nozzle chambers fabricated on the front surface of the wafer. The print head is connected to the camera circuitry by tape automated bonding.

CROSS-REFERENCED APPLICATIONS

The following table is a guide to cross-referenced patent applications filed concurrently herewith and discussed hereinafter with the reference being utilized in subsequent tables when referring to a particular case:

Docket No. Reference Title IJ01US IJ01 Radiant Plunger Ink Jet Printer IJ02US IJ02 Electrostatic Ink Jet Printer IJ03US IJ03 Planar Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Ink Jet IJ04US IJ04 Stacked Electrostatic Ink Jet Printer IJ05US IJ05 Reverse Spring Lever Ink Jet Printer IJ06US IJ06 Paddle Type Ink Jet Printer IJ07US IJ07 Permanent Magnet Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ08US IJ08 Planar Swing Grill Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ09US IJ09 Pump Action Refill Ink Jet Printer IJ10US IJ10 Pulsed Magnetic Field Ink Jet Printer IJ11US IJ11 Two Plate Reverse Firing Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ12US IJ12 Linear Stepper Actuator Ink Jet Printer IJ13US IJ13 Gear Driven Shutter Ink Jet Printer IJ14US IJ14 Tapered Magnetic Pole Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ15US IJ15 Linear Spring Electromagnetic Grill Ink Jet Printer IJ16US IJ16 Lorenz Diaphragm Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ17US IJ17 PTFE Surface Shooting Shuttered Oscillating Pressure Ink Jet Printer IJ18US IJ18 Buckle Grip Oscillating Pressure Ink Jet Printer IJ19US IJ19 Shutter Based Ink Jet Printer IJ20US IJ20 Curling Calyx Thermoelastic Ink Jet Printer IJ21US IJ21 Thermal Actuated Ink Jet Printer IJ22US IJ22 Iris Motion Ink Jet Printer IJ23US IJ23 Direct Firing Thermal Bend Actuator Ink Jet Printer IJ24US IJ24 Conductive PTFE Ben Activator Vented Ink Jet Printer IJ25US IJ25 Magnetostrictive Ink Jet Printer IJ26US IJ26 Shape Memory Alloy Ink Jet Printer IJ27US IJ27 Buckle Plate Ink Jet Printer IJ28US IJ28 Thermal Elastic Rotary Impeller Ink Jet Printer IJ29US IJ29 Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Ink Jet Printer IJ30US IJ30 Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Using PTFE and Corrugated Copper Ink Jet Printer IJ31US IJ31 Bend Actuator Direct Ink Supply Ink Jet Printer IJ32US IJ32 A High Young's Modulus Thermoelastic Ink Jet Printer IJ33US IJ33 Thermally actuated slotted chamber wall ink jet printer IJ34US IJ34 Ink Jet Printer having a thermal actuator comprising an external coiled spring IJ35US IJ35 Trough Container Ink Jet Printer IJ36US IJ36 Dual Chamber Single Vertical Actuator Ink Jet IJ37US IJ37 Dual Nozzle Single Horizontal Fulcrum Actuator Ink Jet IJ38US IJ38 Dual Nozzle Single Horizontal Actuator Ink Jet IJ39US IJ39 A single bend actuator cupped paddle ink jet printing device IJ40US IJ40 A thermally actuated ink jet printer having a series of thermal actuator units IJ41US IJ41 A thermally actuated ink jet printer including a tapered heater element IJ42US IJ42 Radial Back-Curling Thermoelastic Ink Jet IJ43US IJ43 Inverted Radial Back-Curling Thermoelastic Ink Jet IJ44US IJ44 Surface bend actuator vented ink supply ink jet printer IJ45US IJ45 Coil Acutuated Magnetic Plate Ink Jet Printer

Tables of Drop-on-Demand Inkjets

Eleven important characteristics of the fundamental operation of individual inkjet nozzles have been identified. These characteristics are largely orthogonal, and so can be elucidated as an eleven dimensional matrix. Most of the eleven axes of this matrix include entries developed by the present assignee.

The following tables form the axes of an eleven dimensional table of inkjet types.

Actuator mechanism (18 types)

Basic operation mode (7 types)

Auxiliary mechanism (8 types)

Actuator amplification or modification method (17 types)

Actuator motion (19 types)

Nozzle refill method (4 types)

Method of restricting back-flow through inlet (10 types)

Nozzle clearing method (9 types)

Nozzle plate construction (9 types)

Drop ejection direction (5 types)

Ink type (7 types)

The complete eleven dimensional table represented by these axes contains 36.9 billion possible configurations of inkjet nozzle. While not all of the possible combinations result in a viable inkjet technology, many million configurations are viable. It is clearly impractical to elucidate all of the possible configurations. Instead, certain inkjet types have been investigated in detail. These are designated IJ01 to IJ45 above.

Other inkjet configurations can readily be derived from these 45 examples by substituting alternative configurations along one or more of the 11 axes. Most of the IJ01 to IJ45 examples can be made into inkjet print heads with characteristics superior to any currently available inkjet technology.

Where there are prior art examples known to the inventor, one or more of these examples are listed in the examples column of the tables below. The IJ01 to IJ45 series are also listed in the examples column. In some cases, a printer may be listed more than once in a table, where it shares characteristics with more than one entry.

Suitable applications include: Home printers, Office network printers, Short run digital printers, Commercial print systems, Fabric printers, Pocket printers, Internet WWW printers, Video printers, Medical imaging, Wide format printers, Notebook PC printers, Fax machines, Industrial printing systems, Photocopiers, Photographic minilabs etc.

The information associated with the aforementioned 11 dimensional matrix are set out in the following tables.

ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Actuator Mechanism Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Thermal bubble All electrothermal heater heats the Large force generated High power Cannon Bubblejet ink to above boiling point, Simple construction Ink carrier limited to water 1979 Endo et al GB transferring significant heat to the No moving parts Low efficiency patent 2,007,162 aqueous ink. A bubble nucleates and Fast operation High temperatures required Xerox heater-in-pit quickly forms, expelling the ink. Small chip area required for High mechanical stress 1990 Hawkins et al The efficiency of the process is low, actuator Unusual materials required U.S. Pat. No. with typically less than 0.05% of the Large drive transistors 4,899,181 electrical energy being transformed Cavitation causes actuator failure Hewlett-Packard TIJ into kinetic energy of the drop. Kogation reduces bubble formation 1982 Vaught et al Large print heads are difficult to U.S. Pat. No. fabricate 4,490,728 Piezoelectric A piezoelectric crystal such as lead Low power consumption Very large area required for actuator Kyser et al U.S. Pat. lanthanum zirconate (PZT) is Many ink types can be used Difficult to integrate with electronics No. 3,946,398 electrically activated, and either Fast operation High voltage drive transistors required Zoltan U.S. Pat. No. expands, shears, or bends to apply High efficiency Full pagewidth print heads impractical 3,683,212 pressure to the ink, ejecting drops. due to actuator size 1973 Stemme U.S. Requires electrical poling in high field Pat. No. 3,747,120 strengths during manufacture Epson Stylus Tektronix IJ04 Electro- All electric field is used to activate Low power consumption Low maximum strain (approx. 0.01%) Seiko Epson, Usui strictive electrostriction in relaxor materials Many ink types can be used Large area required for actuator due to et all JP 253401/96 such as lead lanthanum zirconate Low thermal expansion low strain IJ04 titanate (PLZT) or lead magnesium Electric field strength Response speed is marginal (˜10 μs) niobate (PMN). required (approx. 3.5 V/ High voltage drive transistors required μm) can be generated Full pagewidth print heads impractical without difficulty due to actuator size Does not require electrical poling Ferroelectric An electric field is used to induce a Low power consumption Difficult to integrate with electronics IJ04 phase transition between the Many ink types can be used Unusual materials such as PLZSnT are antiferroelectric (AFE) and Fast operation (<1 μs) required ferroelectric (FE) phase. Perovskite Relatively high longitudinal Actuators require a large area materials such as tin modified lead strain lanthanum zirconate titanate High efficiency (PLZSnT) exhibit large strains of up Electric field strength of to 1% associated with the AFE to FE around 3 V/μm can be phase transition. readily provided Electrostatic Conductive plates are separated by a Low power consumption Difficult to operate electrostatic IJ02, IJ04 plates compressible or fluid dielectric Many ink types can be used devices in an aqueous environment (usually air). Upon application of a Fast operation The electrostatic actuator will normally voltage, the plates attract each other need to be separated from the ink and displace ink, causing drop Very large area required to achieve ejection. The conductive plates may high forces be in a comb or honeycomb High voltage drive transistors may be structure, or stacked to increase the required surface area and therefore the force. Full pagewidth print heads are not competitive due to actuator size Electrostatic A strong electric field is applied to Low current consumption High voltage required 1989 Saito et al, pull on ink the ink, whereupon electrostatic Low temperature May be damaged by sparks due to air U.S. Pat. No. attraction accelerates the ink towards breakdown 4,799,068 the print medium. Required field strength increases as the 1989 Miura et al, drop size decreases U.S. Pat. No. High voltage drive transistors required 4,810,954 Electrostatic field attracts dust Tone-jet Permanent All electromagnet directly attracts a Low power consumption Complex fabrication IJ07, IJ10 magnet permanent magnet, displacing ink Many ink types can be used Permanent magnetic material such as electro- and causing drop ejection. Rare earth Fast operation Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) magnetic magnets with a field strength around High efficiency required. 1 Tesla can be used. Examples are: Easy extension from single High local currents required Samarium Cobalt (SaCo) and nozzles to pagewidth print Copper metalization should be used for magnetic materials in the neodymium heads long electromigration lifetime and low iron boron family (NdFeB, resistivity NdDyFeBNb, NdDyFeB, etc) Pigmented inks are usually infeasible Operating temperature limited to the Curie temperature (around 540 K.) Soft magnetic A solenoid induced a magnetic field Low power consumption Complex fabrication IJ01, IJ05, IJ08, core electro- in a soft magnetic core or yoke Many ink types can be used Materials not usually present in a IJ10 magnetic fabricated from a ferrous material Fast operation CMOS fab such as NiFe, CoNiFe, or IJ12, IJ14, IJ15, such as electroplated iron alloys such High efficiency CoFe are required IJ17 as CoNiFe [1], CoFe, or NiFe alloys. Easy extension from single High local currents required Typically, the soft magnetic material nozzles to pagewidth print Copper metalization should be used for is in two parts, which are normally heads long electromigration lifetime and low held apart by a spring. When the resistivity solenoid is actuated, the two parts Electroplating is required attract, displacing the ink. High saturation flux density is required (2.0-2.1 T is achievable with CoNiFe [1]) Magnetic The Lorenz force acting on a current Low power consumption Force acts as a twisting motion IJ06, IJ11, IJ13, Lorenz force carrying wire in a magnetic field is Many ink types can be used Typically, only a quarter of the IJ16 utilized. Fast operation solenoid length provides force in a This allows the magnetic field to be High efficiency useful direction supplied externally to the print head, Easy extension from single High local currents required for example with rare earth nozzles to pagewidth print Copper metalization should be used for permanent magnets. heads long electromigration lifetime and low Only the current carrying wire need resistivity be fabricated on the print-head, Pigmented inks are usually infeasible simplifying materials requirements. Magneto- The actuator uses the giant Many ink types can be used Force acts as a twisting motion Fischenbeck, striction magnetostrictive effect of materials Fast operation Unusual materials such as Terfenol-D U.S. Pat. No. such as Terfenol-D (an alloy of Easy extension from single are required 4,032,929 terbium, dysprosium and iron nozzles to pagewidth print High local currents required IJ25 developed at the Naval Ordnance heads Copper metalization should be used for Laboratory, hence Ter-Fe-NOL). For High force is available long electromigration lifetime and low best efficiency, the actuator should resistivity be pre-stressed to approx. 8 MPa. Pre-stressing may be required Surface Ink under positive pressure is held in Low power consumption Requires supplementary force to effect Silverbrook, EP tension a nozzle by surface tension. The Simple construction drop separation 0771 658 A2 and reduction surface tension of the ink is reduced No unusual materials Requires special ink surfactants related patent below the bubble threshold, causing required in fabrication Speed may be limited by surfactant applications the ink to egress from the nozzle. High efficiency properties Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Viscosity The ink viscosity is locally reduced Simple construction Requires supplementary force to effect Silverbrook, EP reduction to select which drops are to be No unusual materials drop separation 0771 658 A2 and ejected. A viscosity reduction can be required in fabrication Requires special ink viscosity related patent achieved electrothermally with most Easy extension from single properties applications inks, but special inks can be nozzles to pagewidth print High speed is difficult to achieve engineered for a 100:1 viscosity heads Requires oscillating ink pressure reduction. A high temperature difference (typically 80 degrees) is required Acoustic An acoustic wave is generated and Can operate without a Complex drive circuitry 1993 Hadimioglu et focussed upon the drop ejection nozzle plate Complex fabrication al, EUP 550,192 region. Low efficiency 1993 Elrod et al, Poor control of drop position EUP 572,220 Poor control of drop volume Thermoelastic All actuator which relies upon Low power consumption Efficient aqueous operation requires a IJ03, IJ09, IJ17, bend actuator differential thermal expansion upon Many ink types can be used thermal insulator on the hot side IJ18 Joule heating is used. Simple planar fabrication Corrosion prevention can be difficult IJ19, IJ20, IJ21, Small chip area required for Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as IJ22 each actuator pigment particles may jam the bend IJ23, IJ24, IJ27, Fast operation actuator IJ28 High efficiency IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, CMOS compatible voltages IJ32 and currents IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, Standard MEMS processes IJ36 can be used IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, Easy extension from single IJ40 nozzles to pagewidth print IJ41 heads High CTE A material with a very high High force can be generated Requires special material (e.g. PTFE) IJ09, IJ17, 1118, thermoelastic coefficient of thermal expansion PTFE is a candidate for low Requires a PTFE deposition process, IJ20 actuator (CTE) such as dielectric constant which is not yet standard in ULSI fabs IJ21, IJ22, IJ23, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is insulation in ULSI PTFE deposition cannot be followed IJ24 used. As high CTE materials are Very low power with high temperature (above 350° C.) IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, usually non-conductive, a heater consumption processing IJ30 fabricated from a conductive material Many ink types can be used Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as IJ31, IJ42, IJ43, is incorporated. A 50 μm long PTFE Simple planar fabrication pigment particles may jam the bend IJ44 bend actuator with polysilicon heater Small chip area required for actuator and 15 mW power input can provide each actuator 180 μN force and 10 μm deflection. Fast operation Actuator motions include: High efficiency 1) Bend CMOS compatible voltages 2) Push and currents 3) Buckle Easy extension from single 4) Rotate nozzles to pagewidth print heads Conductive A polymer with a high coefficient of High force can be generated Requires special materials development IJ24 polymer thermal expansion (such as PTFE) is Very low power (High CTE conductive polymer) thermoelastic doped with conducting substances to consumption Requires a PTFE deposition process, actuator increase its conductivity to about 3 Many ink types can be used which is not yet standard in ULSI fabs orders of magnitude below that of Simple planar fabrication PTFE deposition cannot be followed copper. The conducting polymer Small chip area required for with high temperature (above 350° C.) expands when resistively heated. each actuator processing Examples of conducting dopants Fast operation Evaporation and CVD deposition include: High efficiency techniques cannot be used 1) Carbon nanotubes CMOS compatible voltages Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as 2) Metal fibers and currents pigment particles may jam the bend 3) Conductive polymers such as Easy extension from single actuator doped polythiophene nozzles to pagewidth print 4) Carbon granules heads Shape memory A shape memory alloy such as TiNi High force is available Fatigue limits maximum number of IJ26 alloy (also known as Nitinol - Nickel (stresses of hundreds of cycles Titanium alloy developed at the MPa) Low strain (1%) is required to extend Naval Ordnance Laboratory) is Large strain is available fatigue resistance thermally switched between its weak (more than 3%) Cycle rate limited by heat removal martensitic state and its high stiffness High corrosion resistance Requires unusual materials (TiNi) austenic state. The shape of the Simple construction The latent heat of transformation must actuator in its martensitic state is Easy extension from single be provided deformed relative to the austenic nozzles to pagewidth print High current operation shape. The shape change causes heads Requires pre-stressing to distort the ejection of a drop. Low voltage operation martensitic state Linear Linear magnetic actuators include the Linear Magnetic actuators Requires unusual semiconductor IJ12 Magnetic Linear Induction Actuator (LIA), can be constructed with materials such as soft magnetic alloys Actuator Linear Permanent Magnet high thrust, long travel, and (e.g. CoNiFe [1]) Synchronous Actuator (LPMSA), high efficiency using planar Some varieties also require permanent Linear Reluctance Synchronous semiconductor fabrication magnetic materials such as Actuator (LRSA), Linear Switched techniques Neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) Reluctance Actuator (LSRA), and the Long actuator travel is Requires complex multi-phase drive Linear Stepper Actuator (LSA). available circuitry Medium force is available High current operation Low voltage operation

BASIC OPERATION MODE Operational mode Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Actuator This is the simplest mode of Simple operation Drop repetition rate is usually limited Thermal inkjet directly operation: the actuator directly No external fields required to less than 10 KHz. However, this is Piezoelectric inkjet pushes ink supplies sufficient kinetic energy to Satellite drops can be not fundamental to the method, but is IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, IJ04 expel the drop. The drop must have a avoided if drop velocity is related to the refill method normally IJ05, IJ06, IJ07, IJ09 sufficient velocity to overcome the less than 4 m/s used IJ11, IJ12, IJ14, IJ16 surface tension. Can be efficient, depending All of the drop kinetic energy must be IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24 upon the actuator used provided by the actuator IJ25, IJ26, IJ27, IJ28 Satellite drops usually form if drop IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 velocity is greater than 4.5 m/s IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40 IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Proximity The drops to be printed are selected Very simple print head Requires close proximity between the Silverbrook, EP 0771 by some manner (e.g. thermally fabrication can be used print head and the print media or 658 A2 and related induced surface tension reduction of The drop selection means transfer roller patent applications pressurized ink). Selected drops are does not need to provide May require two print heads printing separated from the ink in the nozzle the energy required to alternate rows of the image by contact with the print medium or a separate the drop from Monolithic color print heads are transfer roller. the nozzle difficult Electrostatic The drops to be printed are selected Very simple print head Requires very high electrostatic field Silverbrook, EP 0771 pull on ink by some manner (e.g. thermally fabrication can be used Electrostatic field for small nozzle 658 A2 and related induced surface tension reduction of The drop selection means sizes is above air breakdown patent applications pressurized ink). Selected drops are does not need to provide Electrostatic field may attract dust Tone-Jet separated from the ink in the nozzle the energy required to by a strong electric field. separate the drop from the nozzle Magnetic pull The drops to be printed are selected Very simple print head Requires magnetic ink Silverbrook, EP 0771 on ink by some manner (e.g. thermally fabrication can be used Ink colors other than black are difficult 658 A2 and related induced surface tension reduction of The drop selection means Requires very high magnetic fields patent applications pressurized ink). Selected drops are does not need to provide separated from the ink in the nozzle the energy required to by a strong magnetic field acting on separate the drop from the magnetic ink. the nozzle Shutter The actuator moves a shutter to block High speed (>50 KHz) Moving parts are required IJ13, IJ17, IJ21 ink flow to the nozzle. The ink operation can be achieved Requires ink pressure modulator pressure is pulsed at a multiple of the due to reduced refill time Friction and wear must be considered drop ejection frequency. Drop timing can be very Stiction is possible accurate The actuator energy can be very low Shuttered grill The actuator moves a shutter to block Actuators with small travel Moving parts are required IJ08, IJ15, IJ18, IJ19 ink flow through a grill to the nozzle. can be used Requires ink pressure modulator The shutter movement need only be Actuators with small force Friction and wear must be considered equal to the width of the grill holes. can be used Stiction is possible High speed (>50 KHz) operation can be achieved Pulsed A pulsed magnetic field attracts an Extremely low energy Requires an external pulsed magnetic IJ10 magnetic pull ‘ink pusher’ at the drop ejection operation is possible field on ink pusher frequency. All actuator controls a No heat dissipation Requires special materials for both the catch, which prevents the ink pusher problems actuator and the ink pusher from moving when a drop is not to Complex construction be ejected.

AUXILIARY MECHANISM (APPLIED TO ALL NOZZLES) Auxiliary Mechanism Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples None The actuator directly fires the ink Simplicity of construction Drop ejection energy must be supplied Most inkjets, drop, and there is no external field or Simplicity of operation by individual nozzle actuator including other mechanism required. Small physical size piezoelcctric and thermal bubble. IJ01-IJ07, IJ09, IJ11 IJ12, IJ14, IJ20, IJ22 IJ23-IJ45 Oscillating ink The ink pressure oscillates, providing Oscillating ink pressure can Requires external ink pressure Silverbrook, EP 0771 pressure much of the drop ejection energy. provide a refill pulse, oscillator 658 A2 and related (including The actuator selects which drops are allowing higher operating Ink pressure phase and amplitude must patent applications acoustic to be fired by selectively blocking or speed be carefully controlled IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 stimulation) enabling nozzles. The ink pressure The actuators may operate Acoustic reflections in the ink chamber IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 oscillation may be achieved by with much lower energy must be designed for vibrating the print head, or preferably Acoustic lenses can be used by an actuator in the ink supply. to focus the sound on the nozzles Media The print head is placed in close Low power Precision assembly required Siiverbrook, EP 0771 proximity proximity to the print medium. High accuracy Paper fibers may cause problems 658 A2 and related Selected drops protrude from the Simple print head Cannot print on rough substrates patent applications print head further than unselected construction drops, and contact the print medium. The drop soaks into the medium fast enough to cause drop separation. Transfer roller Drops are printed to a transfer roller High accuracy Bulky Silverbrook, EP 0771 instead of straight to the print Wide range of print Expensive 658 A2 and related medium. A transfer roller can also be substrates can be used Complex construction patent applications used for proximity drop separation. Ink can be dried on the Tektronix hot melt transfer roller piezoelectric inkjet Any of the IJ series Electrostatic An electric field is used to accelerate Low power Field strength required for separation Silverbrook, EP 0771 selected drops towards the print Simple print head of small drops is near or above air 658 A2 and related medium. construction breakdown patent applications Tone-Jet Direct A magnetic field is used to accelerate Low power Requires magnetic ink Silverbrook, EP 0771 magnetic field selected drops of magnetic ink Simple print head Requires strong magnetic field 658 A2 and related towards the print medium. construction patent applications Cross The print head is placed in a constant Does not require magnetic Requires external magnet IJ06, IJ16 magnetic field magnetic field. The Lorenz force in a materials to be integrated in Current densities may be high, current carrying wire is used to move the print head resulting in electromigration problems the actuator. manufacturing process Pulsed A pulsed magnetic field is used to Very low power operation Complex print head construction IJ10 magnetic field cyclically attract a paddle, which is possible Magnetic materials required in print pushes on the ink. A small actuator Small print head size head moves a catch, which selectively prevents the paddle from moving.

ACTUATOR AMPLIFICATION OR MODIFICATION METHOD Actuator amplification Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples None No actuator mechanical amplification Operational simplicity Many actuator mechanisms have Thermal Bubble is used. The actuator directly drives insufficient travel, or Inkjet the drop ejection process. insufficient force, to efficiently IJ01, IJ02, IJ06, IJ07 drive the drop ejection process IJ16, IJ25, IJ26 Differential An actuator material expands more on Provides greater travel in a High stresses are involved expansion one side than on the other. The reduced print head area Care must be taken that the Piezoelectric bend actuator expansion may be thermal, The bend actuator converts a materials do not delaminate IJ03, IJ09, IJ17-IJ24 piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, or high force low travel actuator Residual bend resulting from high IJ27, IJ29-IJ39, IJ42, other mechanism. mechanism to high travel, temperature or high stress during IJ43, IJ44, lower force mechanism. formation Transient bend A trilayer bend actuator where the Very good temperature stability High stresses are involved IJ40, IJ41 actuator two outside layers are identical. This High speed, as a new drop can Care must be taken that the cancels bend due to ambient be fired, before heat dissipates materials do not delaminate temperature and residual stress. The Cancels residual stress of actuator only responds to transient formation heating of one side or the other. Actuator stack A series of thin actuators are stacked. Increased travel Increased fabrication complexity Some piezoelectric This can be appropriate where Reduced drive voltage Increased possibility of short ink jets actuators require high electric field circuits due to pinholes IJ04 strength, such as electrostatic and piezoelectric actuators. Multiple Multiple smaller actuators are used Increases the force available Actuator forces may not add IJ12, IJ13, IJ18, IJ20 actuators simultaneously to move the ink. Each from an actuator linearly, reducing efficiency IJ22, IJ28, IJ42, IJ43 actuator need provide only a portion Multiple actuators can be of the force required. positioned to control ink flow accurately Linear Spring A linear spring is used to transform a Matches low travel actuator Requires print head area for IJ15 motion with small travel and high with higher travel requirements the spring force into a longer travel, lower force Non-contact method of motion motion. transformation Reverse spring The actuator loads a spring. When Better coupling to the ink Fabrication complexity IJ05, IJ11 the actuator is turned off, the spring High stress in the spring releases. This can reverse the force/ distance curve of the actuator to make it compatible with the force/time requirements of the drop ejection. Coiled A bend actuator is coiled to provide Increases travel Generally restricted to planar IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, IJ35 actuator greater travel in a reduced chip area. Reduces chip area implementations due to extreme Planar implementations are fabrication difficulty in other relatively easy to fabricate. orientations. Flexure bend A bend actuator has a small region Simple means of increasing Care must be taken not to exceed IJ10, IJ19, IJ33 actuator near the fixture point, which flexes travel of a bend actuator the elastic limit in the flexure much more readily than the remainder area of the actuator. The actuator flexing Stress distribution is very uneven is effectively converted from an even Difficult to accurately model with coiling to an angular bend, resulting finite element analysis in greater travel of the actuator tip. Gears Gears can be used to increase travel Low force, low travel Moving parts are required IJ13 at the expense of duration. Circular actuators can be used Several actuator cycles are gears, rack and pinion, ratchets, and Can be fabricated using required other gearing methods can be used. standard surface MEMS More complex drive electronics processes Complex construction Friction, friction, and wear are possible Catch The actuator controls a small catch. Very low actuator energy Complex construction IJ10 The catch either enables or disables Very small actuator size Requires external force movement of an ink pusher that is Unsuitable for pigmented inks controlled in a bulk manner. Buckle plate A buckle plate can be used to change Very fast movement achievable Must stay within elastic limits of S. Hirata et al, “An a slow actuator into a fast motion. It the materials for long device life Ink-jet Head . . .”, can also convert a high force, low High stresses involved Proc. IEEE MEMS, travel actuator into a high travel, Generally high power requirement February 1996, medium force motion. pp 418-423. IJ18, IJ17 Tapered A tapered magnetic pole can increase Linearizes the magnetic Complex construction IJ14 magnetic pole travel at the expense of force. force/distance curve Lever A lever and fulcrum is used to Matches low travel actuator High stress around the fulcrum IJ32, IJ36, IJ37 transform a motion with small travel with higher travel and high force into a motion with requirements longer travel and lower force. The Fulcrum area has no linear lever can also reverse the direction movement, and can be used of travel. for a fluid seal Rotary The actuator is connected to a rotary High mechanical advantage Complex construction IJ28 impeller impeller. A small angular deflection The ratio of force to travel of Unsuitable for pigmented inks of the actuator results in a rotation the actuator can be matched to of the impeller vanes, which push the the nozzle requirements by ink against stationary vanes and out varying the number of the of the nozzle. impeller vanes Acoustic lens A refractive or diffractive (e.g. zone No moving parts Large area required 1993 Hadimioglu plate) acoustic lens is used to Only relevant for acoustic ink jets et al, EUP 550,192 concentrate sound waves. 1993 Elrod et al, EUP 572,220 Sharp A sharp point is used to concentrate Simple construction Difficult to fabricate using Tone-jet conductive an electrostatic field. standard VLSI processes for a point surface ejecting ink-jet Only relevant for electrostatic ink jets

ACTUATOR MOTION Actuator motion Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Volume The volume of the actuator changes, Simple construction in the High energy is typically required Hewlett-Packard expansion pushing the ink in all directions. case of thermal ink jet to achieve volume expansion. Thermal Inkjet This leads to thermal stress, Canon Bubblejet cavitation, and kogation in thermal ink jet implementations Linear, normal The actuator moves in a direction Efficient coupling to ink drops High fabrication complexity may IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ07 to chip surface normal to the print head surface. ejected normal to the surface be required to achieve IJ11, IJ14 The nozzle is typically in the line of perpendicular motion movement. Linear, The actuator moves parallel to the Suitable for planar Fabrication complexity IJ12, IJ13, IJ15, IJ33, parallel to print head surface. Drop ejection fabrication Friction IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 chip surface may still be normal to the surface. Stiction Membrane An actuator with a high force but The effective area of the Fabrication complexity 1982 Howkins push small area is used to push a stiff actuator becomes the Actuator size U.S. Pat. No. membrane that is in contact with the membrane area Difficulty of integration in a 4,459,601 ink. VLSI process Rotary The actuator causes the rotation of Rotary levers may be used to Device complexity IJ05, IJ08, IJ13, IJ28 some element, such a grill or impeller to increase travel May have friction at a pivot point Small chip area requirements Bend The actuator bends when energized. A very small change in Requires the actuator to be made 1970 Kyser et al This may be due to differential dimensions can be converted from at least two distinct layers, U.S. Pat. No. thermal expansion, piezoelectric to a large motion. or to have a thermal difference 3,946,398 expansion, magetostriction, or other across the actuator 1973 Stemme form of relative dimensional change. U.S. Pat. No. 3,747,120 IJ03, IJ09, IJ10, IJ19 IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ29 IJ30, IJ31, IJ33, IJ34 IJ35 Swivel The actuator swivels around a central Allows operation where the Inefficient coupling to the ink IJ06 pivot. This motion is suitable where net linear force on the paddle motion there are opposite forces applied to is zero opposite sides of the paddle, e.g. Small chip area requirements Lorenz force. Straighten The actuator is normally bent, and Can be used with shape Requires careful balance of IJ26, IJ32 straightens when energized. memory alloys where the stresses to ensure that the austenic phase is planar quiescent bend is accurate Double bend The actuator bends in one direction One actuator can be used to Difficult to make the drops IJ36, IJ37, IJ38 when one element is energized, and power two nozzles. ejected by both bend directions bends the other way when another Reduced chip size. identical. element is energized. Not sensitive to ambient A small efficiency loss compared temperature to equivalent single bend actuators. Shear Energizing the actuator causes a Can increase the effective Not readily applicable to other 1985 Fishbeck shear motion in the actuator travel of piezoelectric actuator mechanisms U.S. Pat. No. material. actuators 4,584,590 Radial The actuator squeezes an ink Relatively easy to fabricate High force required 1970 Zoltan constriction reservoir, forcing ink from a single nozzles from glass Inefficient U.S. Pat. No. constricted nozzle. tubing as macroscopic Difficult to integrate with VLSI 3,683,212 structures processes Coil/uncoil A coiled actuator uncoils or coils Easy to fabricate as a planar Difficult to fabricate for IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, IJ35 more tightly. The motion of the free VLSI process non-planar devices end of the actuator ejects the ink. Small area required, Poor out-of-plane stiffness therefore low cost Bow The actuator bows (or buckles) in the Can increase the speed of travel Maximum travel is constrained IJ16, IJ18, IJ27 middle when energized. Mechanically rigid High force required Push-Pull Two actuators control a shutter. One The structure is pinned at both Not readily suitable for inkjets IJ18 actuator pulls the shutter, and the ends, so has a high out-of-plane which directly push the ink other pushes it. rigidity Curl inwards A set of actuators curl inwards to Good fluid flow to the region Design complexity IJ20, IJ42 reduce the volume of ink that they behind the actuator increases enclose. efficiency Curl outwards A set of actuators curl outwards, Relatively simple construction Relatively large chip area IJ43 pressurizing ink in a chamber surrounding the actuators, and expelling ink from a nozzle in the chamber. Iris Multiple vanes enclose a volume of High efficiency High fabrication complexity IJ22 ink. These simultaneously rotate, Small chip area Not suitable for pigmented inks reducing the volume between the vanes. Acoustic The actuator vibrates at a high The actuator can be physically Large area required for efficient 1993 Hadimioglu vibration frequency. distant from the ink operation at useful frequencies et al, EUP 550,192 Acoustic coupling and crosstalk 1993 Elrod et al, Complex drive circuitry EUP 572,220 Poor control of drop volume and position None In various ink jet designs the No moving parts Various other tradeoffs are Silverbrook, EP 0771 actuator does not move. required to eliminate moving 658 A2 and related parts patent applications Tone-jet

NOZZLE REFILL METHOD Nozzle refill method Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Surface After the actuator is energized, it Fabrication simplicity Low speed Thermal inkjet tension typically returns rapidly to its normal Operational simplicity Surface tension force relatively Piezoelectric inkjet position. This rapid return sucks in small compared to actuator force IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14 air through the nozzle opening. The Long refill time usually dominates IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45 ink surface tension at the nozzle then the total repetition rate exerts a small force restoring the meniscus to a minimum area. Shuttered Ink to the nozzle chamber is High speed Requires common ink pressure IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 oscillating ink provided at a pressure that oscillates Low actuator energy, as the oscillator IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 pressure at twice the drop ejection frequency. actuator need only open or May not be suitable for pigmented When a drop is to be ejected, the close the shutter, instead of inks shutter is opened for 3 half cycles: ejecting the ink drop drop ejection, actuator return, and refill. Refill actuator After the main actuator has ejected a High speed, as the nozzle is Requires two independent IJ09 drop a second (refill) actuator is actively refilled actuators per nozzle energized. The refill actuator pushes ink into the nozzle chamber. The refill actuator returns slowly, to prevent its return from emptying the chamber again. Positive ink The ink is held a slight positive High refill rate, therefore a Surface spill must be prevented Silverbrook, EP 0771 pressure pressure. After the ink drop is high drop repetition rate is Highly hydrophobic print head 658 A2 and related ejected, the nozzle chamber fills possible surfaces are required patent applications quickly as surface tension and ink Alternative for: pressure both operate to refill the IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14 nozzle. IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45

METHOD OF RESTRICTING BACK-FLOW THROUGH INLET Inlet back-flow restriction method Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Long inlet The ink inlet channel to the nozzle Design simplicity Restricts refill rate Thermal inkjet channel chamber is made long and relatively Operational simplicity May result in a relatively large Piezoelectric inkjet narrow, relying on viscous drag to Reduces crosstalk chip area IJ42, IJ43 reduce inlet back-flow. Only partially effective Positive ink The ink is under a positive pressure, Drop selection and Requires a method (such as a Silverbrook, EP 0771 pressure so that in the quiescent state some of separation forces can be nozzle rim or effective 658 A2 and related the ink drop already protrudes from reduced hydrophobizing, or both) to patent applications the nozzle. Fast refill time prevent flooding of the ejection Possible operation of This reduces the pressure in the surface of the print head. the following: nozzle chamber which is required to IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ12 eject a certain volume of ink. The IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22 reduction in chamber pressure results IJ23-IJ34, IJ36-IJ41 in a reduction in ink pushed out IJ44 through the inlet. Baffle One or more baffles are placed in the The refill rate is not as Design complexity HP Thermal Ink Jet inlet ink flow. When the actuator is restricted as the long inlet May increase fabrication Tektronix energized, the rapid ink movement method. complexity (e.g. Tektronix hot piezoelectric ink jet creates eddies which restrict the flow Reduces crosstalk melt Piezoelectric print heads). through the inlet. The slower refill process is unrestricted, and does not result in eddies. Flexible flap In this method recently disclosed by Significantly reduces Not applicable to most inkjet Canon restricts inlet Canon, the expanding actuator back-flow for ege-shooter configurations (bubble) pushes on a flexible flap thermal ink jet devices Increased fabrication complexity that restricts the inlet. Inelastic deformation of polymer flap results in creep over extended use Inlet filter A filter is located between the ink Additional advantage of ink Restricts refill rate IJ04, IJ12, IJ24, IJ27 inlet and the nozzle chamber. The filtration May result in complex IJ29, IJ30 filter has a multitude of small holes Ink filter may be fabricated construction or slots, restricting ink flow. The with no additional process steps filter also removes particles which may block the nozzle. Small inlet The ink inlet channel to the nozzle Design simplicity Restricts refill rate IJ02, IJ37, IJ44 compared to chamber has a substantially smaller May result in relatively large nozzle cross section than that of the nozzle, chip area resulting in easier ink egress out of Only partially effective the nozzle than out of the inlet. Inlet shutter A secondary actuator controls the Increases speed of the ink-jet Requires sepearate refill actuator IJ09 position of a shutter, closing off the print head operation and drive circuit ink inlet when the main actuator is energized. The inlet is The method avoids the problem of Back-flow problem is Requires careful design to IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06 located behind inlet back-flow by arranging the eliminated minimize the negative pressure IJ07, IJ10, IJ11, IJ14 the ink- ink-pushing surface of the actuator behind the paddle IJ16, IJ22, IJ23, IJ25 pushing between the inlet and the nozzle. IJ28, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33 surface IJ34, IJ35, IJ36, IJ39 IJ40, IJ41 Part of the The actuator and a wall of the ink Significant reductions in Small increase in fabrication IJ07, IJ20, IJ26, IJ38 actuator chamber are arranged so that the back-flow can be achieved complexity moves to shut motion of the actuator closes off Compact designs possible off the inlet the inlet. Nozzle In some configurations of ink jet, Ink back-flow problem is None related to ink back-flow Silverbrook, EP 0771 actuator does there is no expansion or movement eliminated on actuation 658 A2 and related not result in of an actuator which may cause ink patent applications ink back-flow back-flow through the inlet. Valve-jet Tone-jet IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 IJ18, IJ19, IJ21

NOZZLE CLEARING METHOD Nozzle Clearing method Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Normal nozzle All of the nozzles are fired No added complexity on the May not be sufficient to displace Most ink jet systems firing periodically, before the ink has a print head dried ink IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ12 chance to dry. When not in use the IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22 nozzles are sealed (capped) against air. IJ23-IJ34, IJ36-IJ45 The nozzle firing is usually performed during a special clearing cycle, after first moving the print head to a cleaning station. Extra power to In systems which heat the ink, but do Can be highly effective if Requires higher drive voltage for Silverbrook, EP 0771 ink heater not boil it under normal situations, the heater is adjacent to the clearing 658 A2 and related nozzle clearing can be achieved by nozzle May require larger drive patent applications over-powering the heater and boiling transistors ink at the nozzle. Rapid The actuator is fired in rapid Does not require extra drive Effectiveness depends May be used with: succession of succession. In some configurations, circuits on the print head substantially upon the IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ11 actuator this may cause heat build-up at the Can be readily controlled configuration of the inkjet nozzle IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22 pulses nozzle which boils the ink, clearing and initiated by digital logic IJ23-IJ25, IJ27-IJ34 the nozzle. In other situations, it may IJ36-IJ45 cause sufficient vibrations to dislodge clogged nozzles. Extra power to Where an actuator is not normally A simple solution where Not suitable where there is a hard May be used with: ink pushing driven to the limit of its motion, applicable limit to actuator movement IJ03, IJ09, IJ16, IJ20 actuator nozzle clearing may be assisted by IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ27 providing an enhanced drive signal to IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 the actuator. IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42 IJ43, IJ44, IJ45 Acoustic An ultrasonic wave is applied to the A high nozzle clearing High implementation cost if IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 resonance ink chamber. This wave is of an capability can be achieved system does not already include IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 appropriate amplitude and frequency May be implemented at an acoustic actuator to cause sufficient force at the nozzle very low cost in systems to clear blockages. This is easiest to which already include achieve if the ultrasonic wave is at a acoustic actuators resonant frequency of the ink cavity. Nozzle A microfabricated plate is pushed Can clear severely clogged Accurate mechanical alignment is Silverbrook, EP 0771 clearing plate against the nozzles. The plate has a nozzles required 658 A2 and related post for every nozzle. The array of Moving parts are required patent applications posts There is risk of damage to the nozzles Accurate fabrication is required Ink pressure The pressure of the ink is temporarily May be effective where other Requires pressure pump or other May be used with all pulse increased so that ink streams from all methods cannot be used pressure actuator IJ series ink jets of the nozzles. This may be used in Expensive conjunction with actuator energizing. Wasteful of ink Print head A flexible ‘blade’ is wiped across the Effective for planar print Difficult to use if print head Many ink jet systems wiper print head surface. The blade is head surfaces surface is non-planar or very usually fabricated from a flexible Low cost fragile polymer, e.g. rubber or synthetic Requires mechanical parts elastomer. Blade can wear out in high volume print systems Separate ink A separate heater is provided at the Can be effective where Fabrication complexity Can be used with boiling heater nozzle although the normal drop e- other nozzle clearing many IJ series ink ection mechanism does not require it. methods cannot be used jets The heaters do not require individual Can be implemented at no drive circuits, as many nozzles can additional cost in some be cleared simultaneously, and no inkjet configurations imaging is required.

NOZZLE PLATE CONSTRUCTION Nozzle plate construction Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Electroformed A nozzle plate is separately Fabrication simplicity High temperatures and pressures Hewlett Packard nickel fabricated from electroformed nickel, are required to bond nozzle plate Thermal Inkjet and bonded to the print head chip. Minimum thickness constraints Differential thermal expansion Laser ablated Individual nozzle holes are ablated No masks required Each hole must be individually Canon Bubblejet or drilled by an intense UV laser in a nozzle Can be quite fast formed 1988 Sercel et al., polymer plate, which is typically a polymer Some control over nozzle Special equipment required SPIE, Vol. 998 such as polyimide or polysulphone profile is possible Slow where there are many Excimer Beam Equipment required is thousands of nozzles per print Applications, pp. relatively low cost head 76-83 May produce thin burrs at exit 1993 Watanabe et al., holes U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,604 Silicon micro- A separate nozzle plate is High accuracy is attainable Two part construction K. Bean, IEEE machined micromachined from single crystal High cost Transactions on silicon, and bonded to the print head Requires precision alignment Electron Devices, wafer. Nozzles may be clogged by Vol. ED-25, No. 10, adhesive 1978, pp 1185-1195 Xerox 1990 Hawkins et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181 Glass Fine glass capillaries are drawn from No expensive equipment Very small nozzle sizes are 1970 Zoltan capillaries glass tubing. This method has been required difficult to form U.S. Pat. No. used for making individual nozzles, Simple to make single nozzles Not suited for mass production 3,683,212 but is difficult to use for bulk manufacturing of print heads with thousands of nozzles. Monohthic, The nozzle plate is deposited as a High accuracy (<1 μm) Requires sacrificial layer under Silverbrook, EP 0771 surface micro- layer using standard VLSI deposition Monolithic the nozzle plate to form the 658 A2 and related machined techniques. Nozzles are etched in the Low cost nozzle chamber patent applications using VLSI nozzle plate using VLSI lithography Existing processes can be used Surface may be fragile to the IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ11 lithographic and etching. touch IJ12, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20 processes IJ22, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28 IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 IJ33, IJ34, IJ36, IJ37 IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41 IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Monolithic, The nozzle plate is a buried etch stop High accuracy (<1 μm) Requires long etch times IJ03, IJ05, IJ06, IJ07 etched in the wafer. Nozzle chambers are Monolithic Requires a support wafer IJ08, IJ09, IJ10, IJ13 through etched in the front of the wafer, and Low cost IJ14, IJ15, IJ16, IJ19 substrate the wafer is thinned from the back No differential expansion IJ21, IJ23, IJ25, IJ26 side. Nozzles are then etched in the etch stop layer. No nozzle Various methods have been tried to No nozzles to become clogged Difficult to control drop position Ricoh 1995 Sekiya plate eliminate the nozzles entirely, to accurately et al U.S. Pat. No. prevent nozzle clogging. These Crosstalk problems 5,412,413 include thermal bubble mechanisms 1993 Hadimioglu and acoustic lens mechanisms et al EUP 550,192 1993 Elrod et al EUP 572,220 Trough Each drop ejector has a trough Reduced manufacturing Drop firing direction is sensitive IJ35 through which a paddle moves. compexity to wicking. There is no nozzle plate. Monolithic Nozzle slit The elimination of nozzle holes and No nozzles to become clogged Difficult to control drop position 1989 Saito et al instead of replacement by a slit encompassing accurately U.S. Pat. No. individual many actuator positions reduces nozzle Crosstalk problems 4,799,068 nozzles clogging, but increases crosstalk due to ink surface waves

DROP EJECTION DIRECTION Ejection direction Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Edge Ink flow is along the surface of the Simple construction Nozzles limited edge Canon Bubblejet (‘edge chip, and ink drops are ejected from No silicon etching required High resolution is difficult 1979 Endo et al shooter’) the chip edge. Good heat sinking via substrate Fast color printing requires one GB patent 2,007,162 Mechanically strong print head per color Xerox heater-in-pit Ease of chip handling 1990 Hawkins et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181 Tone-jet Surface Ink flow is along the surface of the No bulk silicon etching Maximum ink flow is severely Hewlett-Packard TIJ (‘roof shooter’) chip, and ink drops are ejected from required restricted 1982 Vaught et al the chip surface, normal to the plane Silicon can make an U.S. Pat. No. of the chip. effective heat sink 4,490,728 Mechanical strength IJ02, IJ11, IJ12, IJ20 IJ22 Through chip, Ink flow is through the chip, and ink High ink flow Requires bulk silicon etching Silverbrook, EP 0771 forward drops are ejected from the front Suitable for pagewidth print 658 A2 and related (‘up shooter’) surface of the chip. High nozzle packing density patent applications therefore low IJ04, IJ17, IJ18, IJ24 manufacturing cost IJ27-IJ45 Through chip, Ink flow is through the chip, and ink High ink flow Requires wafer thinning IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06 reverse drops are ejected from the rear surface Suitable for pagewidth print Requires special handling during IJ07, IJ08, IJ09, IJ10 (‘down of the chip. High nozzle packing density manufacture IJ13, IJ14, IJ15, IJ16 shooter’) therefore low IJ19, IJ21, IJ23, IJ25 manufacturing cost IJ26 Through Ink flow is through the actuator, Suitable for piezoelectric Pagewidth print heads require Epson Stylus actuator which is not fabricated as part of the print heads several thousand connections to Tektronix hot melt same substrate as the drive transistors. drive circuits piezoelectric ink jets Cannot be manufactured in standard CMOS fabs Complex assembly required

INK TYPE Ink type Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Aqueous, dye Water based ink which typically Environmentally friendly Slow drying Most existing inkjets contains: water, dye, surfactant, No odor Corrosive All IJ series ink jets humectant, and biocide. Bleeds on paper Silverbrook, EP 0771 Modern ink dyes have high water- May strikethrough 658 A2 and related fastness, light fastness Cockles paper patent applications Aqueous, Water based ink which typically Environmentally friendly Slow drying IJ02, IJ04, IJ21, IJ26 pigment contains: water, pigment, surfactant, No odor Corrosive IJ27, IJ30 humectant, and biocide. Reduced bleed Pigment may clog nozzles Silverbrook, EP 0771 Pigments have all advantage in Reduced wicking Pigment may clog actuator mechanisms 658 A2 and related reduced bleed, wicking and Reduced strikethrough Cockles paper patent applications strikethrough. Piezoelectric ink-jets Thermal ink jets (with significant restrictions) Methyl Ethyl MEK is a highly volatile solvent used Very fast drying Odorous All IJ series ink jets Ketone (MEK) for industrial printing on difficult Prints on various substrates Flammable surfaces such as aluminum cans. such as metals and plastics Alcohol Alcohol based inks can be used Fast drying Slight odor All IJ series ink jets (ethanol, 2- where the printer must operate at Operates at sub-freezing Flammable butanol, and temperatures below the freezing temperatures others) point of water. An example of this is Reduced paper cockle in-camera consumer photographic Low cost printing. Phase change The ink is solid at room temperature, No drying time- ink High viscosity Tektronix hot melt (hot melt) and is melted in the print head before instantly freezes on the Printed ink typically has a ‘waxy’ feel piezoelectric ink jets jetting. Hot melt inks are usually wax print medium Printed pages may ‘block’ 1989 Nowak U.S. Pat. based, with a melting point around Almost any print medium Ink temperature may be above the curie No. 4,820,346 80° C.. After jetting the ink freezes can be used point of permanent magnets All IJ series ink jets almost instantly upon contacting the No paper cockle occurs Ink heaters consume power print medium or a transfer roller. No wicking occurs Long warm-up time No bleed occurs No strikethrough occurs Oil Oil based inks are extensively used High solubility medium for High viscosity: this is a significant All IJ series ink jets in offset printing. They have some dyes limitation for use in inkjets, which advantages in improved Does not cockle paper usually require a low viscosity. Some characteristics on paper (especially Does not wick through short chain and multi-branched oils no wicking or cockle). Oil soluble paper have a sufficiently low viscosity. dies and pigments are required. Slow drying Microemulsion A microemulsion is a stable, self Stops ink bleed Viscosity higher than water All IJ series ink jets forming emulsion of oil, water, and High dye solubility Cost is slightly higher than water based surfactant. The characteristic drop Water, oil, and amphiphilic ink size is less than 100 nm, and is soluble dies can be used High surfactant concentration required determined by the preferred Can stabilize pigment (around 5%) curvature of the surfactant. suspensions

Ink Jet Printing

A large number of new forms of ink jet printers have bean developed to facilitate alternative ink jet technologies for the image processing and data distribution system various combinations of ink jet devices can be included in printer devices incorporated as part of the present invention. Australian Provisional Patent Applications relating to these ink jets which are specifically incorporated by cross reference The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian U.S. Pat. No./Patent Provision- Filing Application and al Number Date Title Filing Date PO8066 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,227,652 Apparatus (IJ01) (July 10, 1998) PO8072 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,213,588 Apparatus (IJ02) (July 10, 1998) PO8040 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,213,589 Apparatus (IJ03) (July 10, 1998) PO8071 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,231,163 Apparatus (IJ04) (July 10, 1998) PO8047 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,247,795 Apparatus (IJ05) (July 10, 1998) PO8035 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,394,581 Apparatus (IJ06) (July 10, 1998) PO8044 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,244,691 Apparatus (IJ07) (July 10, 1998) PO8063 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,257,704 Apparatus (IJ08) (July 10, 1998) PO8057 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,416,168 Apparatus (IJ09) (July 10, 1996) PO8056 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,220,694 Apparatus (IJ10) (July 10, 1998) PO8069 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,257,705 Apparatus (IJ11) (July 10, 1998) PO8049 15-Jul-97 Image creation Method and 6,247,794 Apparatus (IJ12) (July 10, 1999) PO8036 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,234,610 Apparatus (IJ13) (July 10, 1998) PO8048 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,247,793 Apparatus (IJ14) (July 10, 1998) PO8070 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,264,306 Apparatus (IJ15) (July 10, 1998) PO8067 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,241,342 Apparatus (IJ16) (July 10, 1998) PO8001 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,247,792 Apparatus (IJ17) (July 10, 1998) PO8038 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,264,307 Apparatus (IJ18) (July 10, 1998) PO8033 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,254,220 Apparatus (IJ19) (July 10, 1999) PO8002 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,234,611 Apparatus (IJ20) (July 10, 1998) PO8068 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,302,528 Artaratus (IJ21) (July 10, 1998) PO8062 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,283,582 Apparatus (IJ22) (July 10, 1998) PO8034 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,239,821 Apparatus (IJ23) (July 10, 1998) PO8039 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,338,547 Apparatus (IJ24) (July 10, 1998) PO8041 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,247,796 Apparatus (IJ25) (July 10, 1998) PO8004 15-Jul-57 Image Creation Method and 09/113,122 Apparatus (IJ26) (July 10, 1998) PO8037 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,390,603 Apparatus (IJ27) (July 10, 1998) PO8043 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,362,843 Apparatus (IJ28) (July 10, 1998) PO8042 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,293,653 Apparatus (IJ29) (July 10, 1998) PO8064 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and 6,312,107 Apparatus (IJ30) (July 10, 1998) PO9389 23-Sep-97 Image Creation Method and 6,227,653 Apparatus (IJ31) (July 10, 1998) PO9391 23-Sep-97 Image Creation Method and 6,234,609 Apparatus (IJ32) (July 10, 1998) PP0888 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and 6,238,040 Apparatus (IJ33) (July 10, 1998) PP0891 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and 6,188,415 Apparatus (IJ34) (July 10, 1998) PP0890 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and 6,227,654 Apparatus (IJ35) (July 10, 1998) PP0873 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and 6,209,989 Apparatus (IJ36) (July 10, 1998) PP0993 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and 6,247,791 Apparatus (IJ37) (July 10, 1998) PP0890 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and 6,336,710 Apparatus (IJ38) (July 10, 1998) PP1398 19-Jan-98 An Image Creation Method 6,217,153 and Apparatus (IJ39) (July 10, 1998) PP2592 25-Mar-98 An Image Creation Method 6,416,167 and Apparatus (IJ40) (July 10, 1998) PP2593 25-Mar-98 Image Creation Method and 6,243,113 Apparatus (IJ41) (July 10, 1998) PP3991 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and 6,283,581 Apparatus (IJ42) (July 10, 1998) PP3987 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and 6,247,790 Apparatus (IJ43) (July 10, 1998) PP3985 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and 6,260,953 Apparatus (IJ44) (July 10, 1998) PP3983 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and 6,267,469 Apparatus (IJ45) (July 10, 1998)

Ink Jet Manufacturing

Further, the present application may utilize advanced semiconductor fabrication techniques in the construction of large arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable manufacturing techniques are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian U.S. Pat. No./Patent Provision- Filing Application and al Number Date Title Filing Date PO7935 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,224,780 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM01) PO7936 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,235,212 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM02) PO7937 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,280,643 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM03) PO8061 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,284,147 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM04) PO8054 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,214,244 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM05) PO8065 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,071,750 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM06) PO8055 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,267,905 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM07) PO8053 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,251,298 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM08) PO8078 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,258,285 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM09) PO7933 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,225,138 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM10) PO7950 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,241,904 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM11) PO7948 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,299,786 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM12) PO8060 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 09/113,124 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM13) PO8059 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,231,773 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM14) PO8073 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,190,931 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM15) PO8076 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,248,249 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM16) PO8075 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,290,862 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM17) PO8079 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,241,906 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM18) PO8050 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 09/113,116 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM19) PO8052 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,241,905 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM20) PO7949 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,451,216 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM21) PO7951 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,231,772 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM22) PO8074 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,274,056 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM23) PO7941 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,290,861 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM24) PO8077 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,248,248 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM25) PO8058 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,306,671 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM26) PO8051 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,331,258 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM27) PO8045 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,110,754 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM28) PO7952 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,294,101 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM29) PO8046 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,416,679 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM30) PO8503 11-Aug-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,264,849 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM30a) PO9390 23-Sep-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,254,793 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM31) PO9392 23-Sep-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,235,211 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM32) PP0889 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,235,211 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM35) PP0887 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,264,850 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM36) PP0882 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,258,284 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM37) PP0874 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture 6,258,284 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM38) PP1396 19-Jan-98 A Method of Manufacture 6,228,668 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM39) PP2591 25-Mar-98 A Method of Manufacture 6,180,427 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM41) PP3989 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture 6,171,875 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM40) PP3990 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture 8,267,904 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM42) PP3986 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture 6,245,247 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM43) PP3984 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture 6,245,247 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM44) PP3982 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture 6,231,148 of an Image Creation (July 10, 1998) Apparatus (IJM45)

Fluid Supply

Further, the present application may utilize an ink delivery system to the ink jet head. Delivery systems relating to the supply of ink to a series of ink jet nozzles are described in the following Australian provisional patent specification, the disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding U.S. patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian U.S. Pat. No./Patent Provision- Filing Application and al Number Date Title Filing Date PO8003 15-Jul-97 Supply Method and 6,350,023 Apparatus (F1) (July 10, 1998) PO8005 15-Jul-97 Supply Method and 6,318,849 Apparatus (F2) (July 10, 1998) PO9404 23-Sep-97 A Device and Method (F3) 09/113,101 (July 10, 1998)

MEMS Technology

Further, the present application may utilize advanced semiconductor microelectromechanical techniques in the construction of large arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable microelectromechanical techniques are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding U.S. patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian U.S. Pat. No./Patent Provision- Filing Application and al Number Date Title Filing Date PO7943 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS01) PO8006 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS02) 6,087,638 (July 10, 1998) PO8007 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS03) 09/113,093 (July 10, 1998) PO8008 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS04) 6,340,222 (July 10, 1998) PO8010 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS05) 6,041,600 (July 10, 1998) PO8011 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS06) 6,299,300 (July 10, 1998) PO7947 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS07) 6,067,797 (July 10, 1998) PO7945 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS08) 09/113,081 (July 10, 1998) PO7944 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS09) 6,286,935 (July 10, 1998) PO7946 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS10) 6,044,646 (July 10, 1998) PO9393 23-Sep-97 A Device and Method 09/113,065 (MEMS11) (July 10, 1998) PP0875 12-Dec-97 A Device (MEMS12) 09/113,078 (July 10, 1998) PP0894 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method 09/113,075 (MEMS13) (July 10, 1998)

IR Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of a disposable camera system such as those described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian U.S. Pat. No./Patent Provision- Filing Application and al Number Date Title Filing Date PP0895 12-Dec-97 An Image Creation Method 6,231,148 and Apparatus (IR01) (July 10, 1998) PP0870 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method 09/113,106 (IR02) (July 10, 1998) PP0869 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method 6,293,658 (IR04) (July 10, 1998) PP0887 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and 09/113,104 Apparatus (IR05) (July 10, 1998) PP0885 12-Dec-97 An Image Production 6,238,033 System (IR06) (July 10, 1998) PP0884 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method 6,312,070 and Apparatus (IR10) (July 10, 1998) PP0886 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method 6,238,111 and Apparatus (IR12) (July 10, 1998) PP0871 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method 09/113,086 (IR13) (July 10, 1998) PP0876 12-Dec-97 An Image Processing 09/113,094 Method and Apparatus (July 10, 1998) (IR14) PP0877 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method 6,378,970 (IR16) (July 10, 1998) PP0878 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method 6,196,739 (IR17) (July 10, 1998) PP0879 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method 09/112,774 (IR18) (July 10, 1998) PP0883 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method 6,270,182 (IR19) (July 10, 1998) PP0880 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method 6,152,619 (IR20) (July 10, 1998) PP0881 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method 09/113,092 (IR21) (July 10, 1998)

Dotcard Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of a data distribution system such as that described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian U.S. Pat. No./Patent Provision- Filing Application and al Number Date Title Filing Date PP2370 16-Mar-98 Data Processing Method 09/112,781 and Apparatus (Dot01) (July 10, 1998) PP2371 16-Mar-98 Data Processing Method 09/113,052 and Apparatus (Dot02) (July 10, 1998)

Artcam Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of camera and data processing techniques such as an Artcam type device as described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian U.S. Pat. No./Patent Provision- Filing Application and al Number Date Title Filing Date PO7991 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method 09/113,060 and Apparatus (ART01) (July 10, 1998) PO7988 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method 6,476,863 and Apparatus (ART02) (July 10, 1998) PO7993 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method 09/113,073 and Apparatus (ART03) (July 10, 1998) PO9395 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method 6,322,181 and Apparatus (ART04) (July 10, 1998) PO8017 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method 09/112,747 and Apparatus (ART06) (July 10, 1998) PO8014 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART07) 6,227,648 (July 10, 1998) PO8025 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method 09/112,750 and Apparatus (ART08) (July 10, 1998) PO8032 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method 09/112,746 and Apparatus (ART09) (July 10, 1998) PO7999 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method 09/112,743 and Apparatus (ART10) (July 10, 1998) PO7998 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method 09/112,742 and Apparatus (ART11) (July 10, 1998) PO8031 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method 09/112,741 and Apparatus (ART12) (July 10, 1998) PO8030 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART13) 6,196,541 (July 10, 1998) PO7997 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART15) 6,195,150 (July 10, 1998) PO7979 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART16) 6,362,868 (July 10, 1998) PO8015 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART17) 09/112,738 (July 10, 1998) PO7978 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART18) 09/113,067 (July 10, 1998) PO7982 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method 6,431,669 and Apparatus (ART19) (July 10, 1998) PO7989 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method 6,362,869 and Apparatus (ART20) (July 10, 1998) PO8019 15-Jul-97 Media Processing Method 6,472,052 and Apparatus (ART21) (July 10, 1998) PO7980 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method 6,356,715 and Apparatus (ART22) (July 10, 1998) PO8018 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method 09/112,777 and Apparatus (ART24) (July 10, 1998) PO7938 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method 09/113,224 and Apparatus (ART25) (July 10, 1998) PO8016 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method 6,366,693 and Apparatus (ART26) (July 10, 1998) PO8024 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method 6,329,990 and Asparatus (ART27) (July 10, 1998) PO7940 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method 09/113,072 and Apparatus (ART28) (July 10, 1998) PO7939 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method 09/112,785 and Apparatus (ART29) (July 10, 1998) PO8501 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method 6,137,500 and Apparatus (ART30) (July 10, 1998) PO8500 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method 09/112,786 and Apparatus (ART31) (July 10, 1998) PO7987 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method 09/113,071 and Apparatus (ART32) (July 10, 1998) PO8022 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method 6,398,328 and Apparatus (ART33) (July 10, 1998) PO5497 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method 09/113,090 and Apparatus (ART34) (July 10, 1998) PO8020 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method 6,431,704 and Apparatus (ART38) (July 10, 1998) PO8023 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method 09/113,222 and Apparatus (ART39) (July 10, 1998) PO8504 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method 09/112,796 and Apparatus (ART42) (July 10, 1998) PO8000 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method 6,415,054 and Apparatus (ART43) (July 10, 1998) PO7977 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method 09/112,782 and Apparatus (ART44) (July 10, 1998) PO7934 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method 09/113,056 and Apparatus (ART45) (July 10, 1998) PO7990 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method 09/113,059 and Apparatus (ART46) (July 10, 1998) PO8499 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method 6,486,886 and Apparatus (ART47) (July 10, 1998) PO8502 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method 6,381,361 and Apparatus (ART48) (July 10, 1998) PO7981 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method 6,317,192 and Apparatus (ART50) (July 10, 1998) PO7986 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method 09/113,057 and Apparatus (ART51) (July 10, 1998) PO7983 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method 09/113,054 and Apparatus (ART52) (July 10, 1998) PO8026 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method 09/112,752 and Apparatus (ART53) (July 10, 1998) PO8027 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method 09/112,759 and Apparatus (ART54) (July 10, 1998) PO8028 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method 09/112,757 and Apparatus (ART56) (July 10, 1998) PO9394 23-Sep-97 Image Processing Method 6,357,135 and Apparatus (ART57) (July 10, 1998) PO9396 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method 09/113,107 and Apparatus (ART58) (July 10, 1998) PO9397 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method 6,271,931 and Apparatus (ART59) (July 10, 1998) PO9398 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method 6,353,772 and Apparatus (ART60) (July 10, 1998) PO9399 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method 6,106,147 and Apparatus (ART61) (July 10, 1998) PO9400 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method 09/112,790 and Apparatus (ART62) (July 10, 1998) PO9401 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method 6,304,291 and Apparatus (ART63) (July 10, 1998) PO9402 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method 09/112,788 and Apparatus (ART64) (July 10, 1998) PO9403 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method 6,305,770 and Apparatus (ART65) (July 10, 1998) PO9405 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method 6,289,262 and Apparatus (ART66) (July 10, 1998) PP0959 16-Dec-97 A Data Processing Method 6,315,200 and Apparatus (ART68) (July 10, 1998) PP1397 19-Jan-98 A Media Device (ART69) 6,217,165 (July 10, 1998) 

I claim:
 1. A method of processing a sensed image taken with a digital camera, said digital camera being hand held and including: an area image sensor, an integral ink jet printer, processor means for processing an output of said area image sensor, and a print roll including print media and printing ink, said digital camera being configured for printing out a processed image on said print media, said digital camera further including an auto exposure setting means, said method comprising the step of utilising information from said auto exposure setting means to process said sensed image and thereby provide a processed image for printing.
 2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said utilising step comprises utilising the auto exposure setting from said auto exposure setting means to determine a re-mapping of colours within said image so as to produce an amended image having colours within an image transformed to take account of said auto exposure setting means.
 3. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein said processing comprises re-mapping image colours so they appear deeper and richer when said auto exposure setting means indicates low light conditions.
 4. A method as claimed in claim 3 wherein said processing step comprises re-mapping image colours to be brighter and more saturated when said auto exposure setting indicates means indicates bright light conditions.
 5. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said utilising step includes adding exposure specific graphics to image. 